1 package C4::Auth_with_ldap;
3 # Copyright 2000-2002 Katipo Communications
5 # This file is part of Koha.
7 # Koha is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
8 # under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
9 # the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
10 # (at your option) any later version.
12 # Koha is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
13 # WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
14 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
15 # GNU General Public License for more details.
17 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
18 # along with Koha; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses>.
21 #use warnings; FIXME - Bug 2505
26 use C4::Members::Attributes;
27 use C4::Members::AttributeTypes;
28 use C4::Members::Messaging;
29 use C4::Auth qw(checkpw_internal);
31 use Koha::AuthUtils qw(hash_password);
32 use List::MoreUtils qw( any );
34 use Net::LDAP::Filter;
36 use vars qw(@ISA @EXPORT @EXPORT_OK %EXPORT_TAGS $debug);
41 @EXPORT = qw( checkpw_ldap );
44 # Redefine checkpw_ldap:
45 # connect to LDAP (named or anonymous)
46 # ~ retrieves $userid from KOHA_CONF mapping
47 # ~ then compares $password with userPassword
48 # ~ then gets the LDAP entry
49 # ~ and calls the memberadd if necessary
51 sub ldapserver_error {
52 return sprintf('No ldapserver "%s" defined in KOHA_CONF: ' . $ENV{KOHA_CONF}, shift);
55 use vars qw($mapping @ldaphosts $base $ldapname $ldappassword);
56 my $context = C4::Context->new() or die 'C4::Context->new failed';
57 my $ldap = C4::Context->config("ldapserver") or die 'No "ldapserver" in server hash from KOHA_CONF: ' . $ENV{KOHA_CONF};
58 my $prefhost = $ldap->{hostname} or die ldapserver_error('hostname');
59 my $base = $ldap->{base} or die ldapserver_error('base');
60 $ldapname = $ldap->{user} ;
61 $ldappassword = $ldap->{pass} ;
62 $ldap->{anonymous_bind} = 1 unless $ldapname && $ldappassword;
63 our %mapping = %{$ldap->{mapping}}; # FIXME dpavlin -- don't die because of || (); from 6eaf8511c70eb82d797c941ef528f4310a15e9f9
64 my @mapkeys = keys %mapping;
65 $debug and print STDERR "Got ", scalar(@mapkeys), " ldap mapkeys ( total ): ", join ' ', @mapkeys, "\n";
66 @mapkeys = grep {defined $mapping{$_}->{is}} @mapkeys;
67 $debug and print STDERR "Got ", scalar(@mapkeys), " ldap mapkeys (populated): ", join ' ', @mapkeys, "\n";
69 my %categorycode_conversions;
70 my $default_categorycode;
71 if(defined $ldap->{categorycode_mapping}) {
72 $default_categorycode = $ldap->{categorycode_mapping}->{default};
73 foreach my $cat (@{$ldap->{categorycode_mapping}->{categorycode}}) {
74 $categorycode_conversions{$cat->{value}} = $cat->{content};
79 anonymous => ($ldapname and $ldappassword) ? 0 : 1,
80 replicate => defined($ldap->{replicate}) ? $ldap->{replicate} : 1, # add from LDAP to Koha database for new user
81 update => defined($ldap->{update} ) ? $ldap->{update} : 1, # update from LDAP to Koha database for existing user
85 my $result = shift or return;
86 return "LDAP error #" . $result->code
87 . ": " . $result->error_name . "\n"
88 . "# " . $result->error_text . "\n";
92 my $db = shift or return;
93 my $userid = shift or return;
94 my $uid_field = $mapping{userid}->{is} or die ldapserver_error("mapping for 'userid'");
95 my $filter = Net::LDAP::Filter->new("$uid_field=$userid") or die "Failed to create new Net::LDAP::Filter";
96 my $search = $db->search(
101 die "LDAP search failed to return object : " . $search->error if $search->code;
103 my $count = $search->count;
104 if ($search->code > 0) {
105 warn sprintf("LDAP Auth rejected : %s gets %d hits\n", $filter->as_string, $count) . description($search);
109 warn sprintf("LDAP Auth rejected : search with filter '%s' returns no hit\n", $filter->as_string);
116 my ($dbh, $userid, $password) = @_;
117 my @hosts = split(',', $prefhost);
118 my $db = Net::LDAP->new(\@hosts);
120 warn "LDAP connexion failed";
124 #$debug and $db->debug(5);
127 # first, LDAP authentication
128 if ( $ldap->{auth_by_bind} ) {
130 if ( $ldap->{anonymous_bind} ) {
132 # Perform an anonymous bind
135 warn "Anonymous LDAP bind failed: " . description($res);
139 # Perform a LDAP search for the given username
140 my $search = search_method( $db, $userid )
141 or return 0; # warnings are in the sub
142 $userldapentry = $search->shift_entry;
143 $principal_name = $userldapentry->dn;
146 $principal_name = $ldap->{principal_name};
147 if ( $principal_name and $principal_name =~ /\%/ ) {
148 $principal_name = sprintf( $principal_name, $userid );
151 $principal_name = $userid;
155 # Perform a LDAP bind for the given username using the matched DN
156 my $res = $db->bind( $principal_name, password => $password );
158 if ( $ldap->{anonymous_bind} ) {
159 # With anonymous_bind approach we can be sure we have found the correct user
160 # and that any 'code' response indicates a 'bad' user (be that blocked, banned
161 # or password changed). We should not fall back to local accounts in this case.
162 warn "LDAP bind failed as kohauser $userid: " . description($res);
165 # Without a anonymous_bind, we cannot be sure we are looking at a valid ldap user
166 # at all, and thus we should fall back to local logins to restore previous behaviour
168 warn "LDAP bind failed as kohauser $userid: " . description($res);
172 if ( !defined($userldapentry)
173 && ( $config{update} or $config{replicate} ) )
175 my $search = search_method( $db, $userid ) or return 0;
176 $userldapentry = $search->shift_entry;
179 my $res = ($ldap->{anonymous_bind}) ? $db->bind : $db->bind($ldapname, password=>$ldappassword);
180 if ($res->code) { # connection refused
181 warn "LDAP bind failed as ldapuser " . ($ldapname || '[ANONYMOUS]') . ": " . description($res);
184 my $search = search_method($db, $userid) or return 0; # warnings are in the sub
185 # Handle multiple branches. Same login exists several times in different branches.
187 while (my $entry = $search->shift_entry) {
188 my $user_ldap_bind_ret = $db->bind($entry->dn, password => $password);
189 unless ($user_ldap_bind_ret->code) {
190 $userldapentry = $entry;
197 warn "LDAP Auth rejected : invalid password for user '$userid'.";
204 # To get here, LDAP has accepted our user's login attempt.
205 # But we still have work to do. See perldoc below for detailed breakdown.
208 my ($borrowernumber,$cardnumber,$local_userid,$savedpw) = exists_local($userid);
210 if (( $borrowernumber and $config{update} ) or
211 (!$borrowernumber and $config{replicate}) ) {
212 %borrower = ldap_entry_2_hash($userldapentry,$userid);
213 $debug and print STDERR "checkpw_ldap received \%borrower w/ " . keys(%borrower), " keys: ", join(' ', keys %borrower), "\n";
216 if ($borrowernumber) {
217 if ($config{update}) { # A1, B1
218 my $c2 = &update_local($local_userid,$password,$borrowernumber,\%borrower) || '';
219 ($cardnumber eq $c2) or warn "update_local returned cardnumber '$c2' instead of '$cardnumber'";
221 # maybe update just the password?
222 return(1, $cardnumber, $local_userid);
224 } elsif ($config{replicate}) { # A2, C2
225 Koha::Patron->new( \%borrower )->store;
226 C4::Members::Messaging::SetMessagingPreferencesFromDefaults( { borrowernumber => $borrowernumber, categorycode => $borrower{'categorycode'} } );
230 if (C4::Context->preference('ExtendedPatronAttributes') && $borrowernumber && ($config{update} ||$config{replicate})) {
231 foreach my $attribute_type ( C4::Members::AttributeTypes::GetAttributeTypes() ) {
232 my $code = $attribute_type->{code};
233 unless (exists($borrower{$code}) && $borrower{$code} !~ m/^\s*$/ ) {
236 if (C4::Members::Attributes::CheckUniqueness($code, $borrower{$code}, $borrowernumber)) {
237 C4::Members::Attributes::UpdateBorrowerAttribute($borrowernumber, {code => $code, attribute => $borrower{$code}});
239 warn "ERROR_extended_unique_id_failed $code $borrower{$code}";
243 return(1, $cardnumber, $userid);
246 # Pass LDAP entry object and local cardnumber (userid).
247 # Returns borrower hash.
248 # Edit KOHA_CONF so $memberhash{'xxx'} fits your ldap structure.
249 # Ensure that mandatory fields are correctly filled!
251 sub ldap_entry_2_hash {
252 my $userldapentry = shift;
253 my %borrower = ( cardnumber => shift );
255 $userldapentry->exists('uid'); # This is bad, but required! By side-effect, this initializes the attrs hash.
257 foreach (keys %$userldapentry) {
258 print STDERR "\n\nLDAP key: $_\t", sprintf('(%s)', ref $userldapentry->{$_}), "\n";
261 my $x = $userldapentry->{attrs} or return;
263 $memberhash{$_} = join ' ', @{$x->{$_}};
264 $debug and print STDERR sprintf("building \$memberhash{%s} = ", $_, join(' ', @{$x->{$_}})), "\n";
266 $debug and print STDERR "Finsihed \%memberhash has ", scalar(keys %memberhash), " keys\n",
267 "Referencing \%mapping with ", scalar(keys %mapping), " keys\n";
268 foreach my $key (keys %mapping) {
269 my $data = $memberhash{ lc($mapping{$key}->{is}) }; # Net::LDAP returns all names in lowercase
270 $debug and printf STDERR "mapping %20s ==> %-20s (%s)\n", $key, $mapping{$key}->{is}, $data;
271 unless (defined $data) {
272 $data = $mapping{$key}->{content} || ''; # default or failsafe ''
274 $borrower{$key} = ($data ne '') ? $data : ' ' ;
276 $borrower{initials} = $memberhash{initials} ||
277 ( substr($borrower{'firstname'},0,1)
278 . substr($borrower{ 'surname' },0,1)
281 # categorycode conversions
282 if(defined $categorycode_conversions{$borrower{categorycode}}) {
283 $borrower{categorycode} = $categorycode_conversions{$borrower{categorycode}};
285 elsif($default_categorycode) {
286 $borrower{categorycode} = $default_categorycode;
289 # check if categorycode exists, if not, fallback to default from koha-conf.xml
290 my $dbh = C4::Context->dbh;
291 my $sth = $dbh->prepare("SELECT categorycode FROM categories WHERE categorycode = ?");
292 $sth->execute( uc($borrower{'categorycode'}) );
293 unless ( my $row = $sth->fetchrow_hashref ) {
294 my $default = $mapping{'categorycode'}->{content};
295 $debug && warn "Can't find ", $borrower{'categorycode'}, " default to: $default for ", $borrower{userid};
296 $borrower{'categorycode'} = $default
304 my $dbh = C4::Context->dbh;
305 my $select = "SELECT borrowernumber,cardnumber,userid,password FROM borrowers ";
307 my $sth = $dbh->prepare("$select WHERE userid=?"); # was cardnumber=?
309 $debug and printf STDERR "Userid '$arg' exists_local? %s\n", $sth->rows;
310 ($sth->rows == 1) and return $sth->fetchrow;
312 $sth = $dbh->prepare("$select WHERE cardnumber=?");
314 $debug and printf STDERR "Cardnumber '$arg' exists_local? %s\n", $sth->rows;
315 ($sth->rows == 1) and return $sth->fetchrow;
319 # This function performs a password update, given the userid, borrowerid,
320 # and digested password. It will verify that things are correct and return the
321 # borrowers cardnumber. The idea is that it is used to keep the local
322 # passwords in sync with the LDAP passwords.
324 # $cardnum = _do_changepassword($userid, $borrowerid, $digest)
326 # Note: if the LDAP config has the update_password tag set to a false value,
327 # then this will not update the password, it will simply return the cardnumber.
328 sub _do_changepassword {
329 my ($userid, $borrowerid, $password) = @_;
331 if ( exists( $ldap->{update_password} ) && !$ldap->{update_password} ) {
333 # We don't store the password in the database
334 my $sth = C4::Context->dbh->prepare(
335 'SELECT cardnumber FROM borrowers WHERE borrowernumber=?');
336 $sth->execute($borrowerid);
337 die "Unable to access borrowernumber "
338 . "with userid=$userid, "
339 . "borrowernumber=$borrowerid"
341 my ($cardnum) = $sth->fetchrow;
342 $sth = C4::Context->dbh->prepare(
343 'UPDATE borrowers SET password = null WHERE borrowernumber=?');
344 $sth->execute($borrowerid);
348 my $digest = hash_password($password);
349 $debug and print STDERR "changing local password for borrowernumber=$borrowerid to '$digest'\n";
350 Koha::Patrons->find($borrowerid)->update_password( $userid, $password );
352 my ($ok, $cardnum) = checkpw_internal(C4::Context->dbh, $userid, $password);
353 return $cardnum if $ok;
355 warn "Password mismatch after update to borrowernumber=$borrowerid";
360 my $userid = shift or croak "No userid";
361 my $password = shift or croak "No password";
362 my $borrowerid = shift or croak "No borrowerid";
363 my $borrower = shift or croak "No borrower record";
365 # skip extended patron attributes in 'borrowers' attribute update
366 my @keys = keys %$borrower;
367 if (C4::Context->preference('ExtendedPatronAttributes')) {
368 foreach my $attribute_type ( C4::Members::AttributeTypes::GetAttributeTypes() ) {
369 my $code = $attribute_type->{code};
370 @keys = grep { $_ ne $code } @keys;
371 $debug and printf STDERR "ignoring extended patron attribute '%s' in update_local()\n", $code;
375 my $dbh = C4::Context->dbh;
376 my $query = "UPDATE borrowers\nSET " .
377 join(',', map {"$_=?"} @keys) .
378 "\nWHERE borrowernumber=? ";
379 my $sth = $dbh->prepare($query);
381 print STDERR $query, "\n",
382 join "\n", map {"$_ = '" . $borrower->{$_} . "'"} @keys;
383 print STDERR "\nuserid = $userid\n";
386 ((map {$borrower->{$_}} @keys), $borrowerid)
389 # MODIFY PASSWORD/LOGIN if password was mapped
390 _do_changepassword($userid, $borrowerid, $password) if $borrower->{'password'};
398 C4::Auth - Authenticates Koha users
402 use C4::Auth_with_ldap;
404 =head1 LDAP Configuration
406 This module is specific to LDAP authentification. It requires Net::LDAP package and one or more
407 working LDAP servers.
409 * Modify ldapserver element in KOHA_CONF
410 * Establish field mapping in <mapping> element.
412 For example, if your user records are stored according to the inetOrgPerson schema, RFC#2798,
413 the username would match the "uid" field, and the password should match the "userpassword" field.
415 Make sure that ALL required fields are populated by your LDAP database (and mapped in KOHA_CONF).
416 What are the required fields? Well, in mysql you can check the database table "borrowers" like this:
418 mysql> show COLUMNS from borrowers;
419 +---------------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
420 | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
421 +---------------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
422 | borrowernumber | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
423 | cardnumber | varchar(16) | YES | UNI | NULL | |
424 | surname | mediumtext | NO | | NULL | |
425 | firstname | text | YES | | NULL | |
426 | title | mediumtext | YES | | NULL | |
427 | othernames | mediumtext | YES | | NULL | |
428 | initials | text | YES | | NULL | |
429 | streetnumber | varchar(10) | YES | | NULL | |
430 | streettype | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
431 | address | mediumtext | NO | | NULL | |
432 | address2 | text | YES | | NULL | |
433 | city | mediumtext | NO | | NULL | |
434 | state | mediumtext | YES | | NULL | |
435 | zipcode | varchar(25) | YES | | NULL | |
436 | country | text | YES | | NULL | |
437 | email | mediumtext | YES | | NULL | |
438 | phone | text | YES | | NULL | |
439 | mobile | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
440 | fax | mediumtext | YES | | NULL | |
441 | emailpro | text | YES | | NULL | |
442 | phonepro | text | YES | | NULL | |
443 | B_streetnumber | varchar(10) | YES | | NULL | |
444 | B_streettype | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
445 | B_address | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | |
446 | B_address2 | text | YES | | NULL | |
447 | B_city | mediumtext | YES | | NULL | |
448 | B_state | mediumtext | YES | | NULL | |
449 | B_zipcode | varchar(25) | YES | | NULL | |
450 | B_country | text | YES | | NULL | |
451 | B_email | text | YES | | NULL | |
452 | B_phone | mediumtext | YES | | NULL | |
453 | dateofbirth | date | YES | | NULL | |
454 | branchcode | varchar(10) | NO | MUL | | |
455 | categorycode | varchar(10) | NO | MUL | | |
456 | dateenrolled | date | YES | | NULL | |
457 | dateexpiry | date | YES | | NULL | |
458 | gonenoaddress | tinyint(1) | YES | | NULL | |
459 | lost | tinyint(1) | YES | | NULL | |
460 | debarred | date | YES | | NULL | |
461 | debarredcomment | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | |
462 | contactname | mediumtext | YES | | NULL | |
463 | contactfirstname | text | YES | | NULL | |
464 | contacttitle | text | YES | | NULL | |
465 | guarantorid | int(11) | YES | MUL | NULL | |
466 | borrowernotes | mediumtext | YES | | NULL | |
467 | relationship | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | |
468 | ethnicity | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
469 | ethnotes | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | |
470 | sex | varchar(1) | YES | | NULL | |
471 | password | varchar(30) | YES | | NULL | |
472 | flags | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
473 | userid | varchar(30) | YES | MUL | NULL | |
474 | opacnote | mediumtext | YES | | NULL | |
475 | contactnote | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | |
476 | sort1 | varchar(80) | YES | | NULL | |
477 | sort2 | varchar(80) | YES | | NULL | |
478 | altcontactfirstname | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | |
479 | altcontactsurname | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | |
480 | altcontactaddress1 | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | |
481 | altcontactaddress2 | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | |
482 | altcontactaddress3 | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | |
483 | altcontactstate | mediumtext | YES | | NULL | |
484 | altcontactzipcode | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
485 | altcontactcountry | text | YES | | NULL | |
486 | altcontactphone | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
487 | smsalertnumber | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
488 | privacy | int(11) | NO | | 1 | |
489 +---------------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
490 66 rows in set (0.00 sec)
491 Where Null="NO", the field is required.
493 =head1 KOHA_CONF and field mapping
495 Example XML stanza for LDAP configuration in KOHA_CONF.
499 <useldapserver>1</useldapserver>
500 <!-- LDAP SERVER (optional) -->
501 <ldapserver id="ldapserver">
502 <hostname>localhost</hostname>
503 <base>dc=metavore,dc=com</base>
504 <user>cn=Manager,dc=metavore,dc=com</user> <!-- DN, if not anonymous -->
505 <pass>metavore</pass> <!-- password, if not anonymous -->
506 <replicate>1</replicate> <!-- add new users from LDAP to Koha database -->
507 <update>1</update> <!-- update existing users in Koha database -->
508 <auth_by_bind>0</auth_by_bind> <!-- set to 1 to authenticate by binding instead of
509 password comparison, e.g., to use Active Directory -->
510 <anonymous_bind>0</anonymous_bind> <!-- set to 1 if users should be searched using
511 an anonymous bind, even when auth_by_bind is on -->
512 <principal_name>%s@my_domain.com</principal_name>
513 <!-- optional, for auth_by_bind: a printf format to make userPrincipalName from koha userid.
514 Not used with anonymous_bind. -->
515 <update_password>1</update_password> <!-- set to 0 if you don't want LDAP passwords
516 synced to the local database -->
517 <mapping> <!-- match koha SQL field names to your LDAP record field names -->
518 <firstname is="givenname" ></firstname>
519 <surname is="sn" ></surname>
520 <address is="postaladdress" ></address>
521 <city is="l" >Athens, OH</city>
522 <zipcode is="postalcode" ></zipcode>
523 <branchcode is="branch" >MAIN</branchcode>
524 <userid is="uid" ></userid>
525 <password is="userpassword" ></password>
526 <email is="mail" ></email>
527 <categorycode is="employeetype" >PT</categorycode>
528 <phone is="telephonenumber"></phone>
533 The <mapping> subelements establish the relationship between mysql fields and LDAP attributes. The element name
534 is the column in mysql, with the "is" characteristic set to the LDAP attribute name. Optionally, any content
535 between the element tags is taken as the default value. In this example, the default categorycode is "PT" (for
540 Once a user has been accepted by the LDAP server, there are several possibilities for how Koha will behave, depending on
541 your configuration and the presence of a matching Koha user in your local DB:
544 OPTION UPDATE REPLICATE EXISTS? RESULT
545 A1 1 1 1 OK : We're updating them anyway.
546 A2 1 1 0 OK : We're adding them anyway.
547 B1 1 0 1 OK : We update them.
548 B2 1 0 0 FAIL: We cannot add new user.
549 C1 0 1 1 OK : We do nothing. (maybe should update password?)
550 C2 0 1 0 OK : We add the new user.
551 D1 0 0 1 OK : We do nothing. (maybe should update password?)
552 D2 0 0 0 FAIL: We cannot add new user.
554 Note: failure here just means that Koha will fallback to checking the local DB. That is, a given user could login with
555 their LDAP password OR their local one. If this is a problem, then you should enable update and supply a mapping for
556 password. Then the local value will be updated at successful LDAP login and the passwords will be synced.
558 If you choose NOT to update local users, the borrowers table will not be affected at all.
559 Note that this means that patron passwords may appear to change if LDAP is ever disabled, because
560 the local table never contained the LDAP values.
564 Binds as the user instead of retrieving their record. Recommended if update disabled.
566 =head2 principal_name
568 Provides an optional sprintf-style format for manipulating the userid before the bind.
569 Even though the userPrincipalName is one intended target, any uniquely identifying
570 attribute that the server allows to be used for binding could be used.
572 Currently, principal_name only operates when auth_by_bind is enabled.
574 =head2 update_password
576 If this tag is left out or set to a true value, then the user's LDAP password
577 will be stored (hashed) in the local Koha database. If you don't want this
578 to happen, then set the value of this to '0'. Note that if passwords are not
579 stored locally, and the connection to the LDAP system fails, then the users
580 will not be able to log in at all.
582 =head2 Active Directory
584 The auth_by_bind and principal_name settings are recommended for Active Directory.
586 Under default Active Directory rules, we cannot determine the distinguishedName attribute from the Koha userid as reliably as
587 we would typically under openldap. Instead of:
589 distinguishedName: CN=barnes.7,DC=my_company,DC=com
593 distinguishedName: CN=Barnes\, Jim,OU=Test Accounts,OU=User Accounts,DC=my_company,DC=com
595 Matching that would require us to know more info about the account (firstname, surname) and to include punctuation and whitespace
596 in Koha userids. But the userPrincipalName should be consistent, something like:
598 userPrincipalName: barnes.7@my_company.com
600 Therefore it is often easier to bind to Active Directory with userPrincipalName, effectively the
601 canonical email address for that user, or what it would be if email were enabled for them. If Koha userid values
602 will match the username portion of the userPrincipalName, and the domain suffix is the same for all users, then use principal_name
604 <principal_name>%s@core.my_company.com</principal_name>
606 The user of the previous example, barnes.7, would then attempt to bind as:
607 barnes.7@core.my_company.com
623 # For reference, here's an important difference in the data structure we rely on.
624 # ========================================
625 # Using attrs instead of {asn}->attributes
626 # ========================================
628 # LDAP key: ->{ cn} = ARRAY w/ 3 members.
629 # LDAP key: ->{ cn}->{ sss} = sss
630 # LDAP key: ->{ cn}->{ Steve Smith} = Steve Smith
631 # LDAP key: ->{ cn}->{Steve S. Smith} = Steve S. Smith
633 # LDAP key: ->{ givenname} = ARRAY w/ 1 members.
634 # LDAP key: ->{ givenname}->{Steve} = Steve