Bug 17499: (follow-up) More explicit exceptions

Bug 17499: (follow-up) More explicit exceptions

Adds and throws more detailed exceptions.

This is useful for APIs and generating translatable errors in GUI.

In short, replaces Koha::Exceptions::BadParameter with:

Koha::Exceptions::Patron::NotFound
Koha::Exceptions::Patron::Category
Koha::Exceptions::Patron::Category::NotFound
Koha::Exceptions::Patron::Message::Preference
Koha::Exceptions::Patron::Message::Preference::AttributeNotFound
Koha::Exceptions::Patron::Message::Preference::DaysInAdvanceOutOfRange
Koha::Exceptions::Patron::Message::Preference::DaysInAdvanceNotAvailable
Koha::Exceptions::Patron::Message::Preference::DigestNotAvailable
Koha::Exceptions::Patron::Message::Preference::DigestRequired
Koha::Exceptions::Patron::Message::Preference::EmailAddressRequired
Koha::Exceptions::Patron::Message::Preference::NoTransportType
Koha::Exceptions::Patron::Message::Preference::SMSNumberRequired

To test:
1. prove t/db_dependent/Koha/Patron/Message/Preferences.t

Sponsored-by: The National Library of Finland
Signed-off-by: Michal Denar <black23@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Sam Lau <samalau@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Marcel de Rooy <m.de.rooy@rijksmuseum.nl>
Signed-off-by: Tomas Cohen Arazi <tomascohen@theke.io>